Abstract
In children, cardiac involvement can be observed during the course of COVID-19, which is mostly mild, and COVID-19 may develop in children who have previously been known to have congenital or acquired heart disease. The subject of this article is how these children should be evaluated cardiacly, and how the follow-up and treatment of children with heart disease will be managed during the pandemic. Considering the articles and guides published in the literature, some determinations were made and the suggestions developed were presented in this article.
Keywords: Approach, Cardiology, Children, COVID-19, Management
References
- Shen KL, Yang YH, Jiang RM, Wang TY, Zhao DC, Jiang Y, et al. Updated diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19 in children. World J Pediatr 2020 Apr24:1-8. DOI: 10.1007/s12519-020-00362-4.
- Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020;39: 355-68.
- Shi Y, Wang X, Liu G, Zhu Q, Wang J, Yu H, et al. A quickly, effectively screening process of novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children in Shanghai, China. Ann Transl Med 2020;8:241. DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.22.
- Chang TH, Wu JL, Chang LY. Clinical characteristics and diagnostic challenges of pediatric COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Formos Med Assoc 2020;119:982-9.
- Tezer H, Bedir Demirdağ T. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children. Turk J Med Sci 2020;50: 592-603.
- She J, Liu L, Liu W. COVID-19 epidemic: Disease characteristics in children. J Med Virol 2020;92:747-54.
- Sinha IP, Harwood R, Semple MG, Hawcutt DB, Thursfield R, Narayan O, et al. COVID-19 infection in children. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:446-7.
- Zheng F, Liao C, Fan QH, Chen HB, Zhao XG, Xie ZG, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Children with COVID-19 in Hubei, China. Curr Med Sci 2020;40:275-80.
- Hong H, Wang Y, Chung HT, Chen CJ. Clinical characteristics of novel COVID-19 in newborns, infants and children. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:131-32.
- Yasri S, Wiwanitkit V. Clinical features in pediatric COVID-19. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020;55(5):1097. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24737 (2020).
- Li Y, Guo F, Cao Y, Li L, Guo Y. Insight into COVID-19 for pediatricians. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020;55: E1-E4.
- Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1663-5.
- Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics 2020Jun;145:e20200702.DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702.
- Cruz AT, Zeichner SL. COVID-19 in Children: Initial Characterization of the Pediatric Disease. Pediatrics 2020; 145(6):e20200834. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0834.
- Sun D, Li H, Lu XX, Xiao H, Ren J, Zhang FR, et al. Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World J Pediatr 2020 Mar19;1-9.DOI: 10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4.
- Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17: 259-260.
- Cui Y, Tian M, Huang D, Wang X, Huang Y, Fan L, et al. A 55-Day-Old Female Infant infected with COVID-19: presenting with pneumonia, liver injury, and heart damage. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1775-81.
- Li W, Zhou Q, Tang Y, Ren L, Yu X, Li Q, et al. Protocol for the development of a rapid advice guideline for prevention, management and care of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection. Ann Palliat Med 2020: 2020 Feb 24;apm.2020.02.33. DOI: 10.21037/apm.2020.02.33.
- Shen K, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Jin R, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children. World J Pediatr 2020 Feb 7;1-9.DOI: 10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7.
- COVID-19 Guidance for Vulnerable Groups with Congenital Heart Disease. British Congenital Cardiac Association. March 18, 2020.
- Coronavirus Guidance for Adult & Pediatric Patients with Congenital Heart Disease. University of Michigan. March 27, 2020.
- COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2 Enfeksiyonu) Rehberi. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Bilim Kurulu. Nisan 2020.
- COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Çocuk Kalp Sağlığı Hizmetlerinin Yürütülmesi ve İnfekte Çocukların Kardiyak Yönden Değerlendirilmesi Rehberi. Türk Pediatrik Kardiyoloji ve Kalp Cerrahisi Derneği. Nisan 17, 2020.
- Kirkpatrick JN, Mitchell C, Taub C, Kort S, Hung J, Swaminathan M. ASE Statement on Protection of Patients and Echocardiography Service Providers During the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020;33:648-653
- Morray BH, Gordon BM, Crystal MA, Goldstein BH, Qureshi A, Torres AJ, et al. Resource Allocation and Decision Making for Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Catheterization During the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A U.S. Multi-Institutional Perspective. J Invasive Cardiol 2020;32:E103-E109.
- Lee-Archer P, von Ungern-Sternberg BS. Paediatric Anaesthetic implications of COVID-19: A Review of Current Literature. Paediatr Anaesth 2020 Apr 19;10.1111/pan.13889. DOI: 10.1111/pan.13889.
- Zhao S, Ling K, Yan H, Zhong L, Peng X, Yao S, et al. Anesthetic Management of Patients with COVID-19 Infections during Emergency Procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020;34:1125-31.
- Edelson DP, Sasson C, Chan PS, Atkins DL, Aziz K, Becker LB, et al. Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19: From the Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee and Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Adult and Pediatric Task Forces of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 141:e933-e943.
- Lakkireddy DR, Chung MK, Gopinathannair R, Patton KK, Gluckman TJ, Turagam M, et al. Guidance for Cardiac Electrophysiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic From the Heart Rhythm Society COVID-19 Task Force; Electrophysiology Section of the American College of Cardiology; And the Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 2020;141:e823-e831.
- Stephens EH, Dearani JA, Guleserian KJ, Overman DM, Tweddell JS, Backer CL, et al. COVID-19: Crisis Management in Congenital Heart Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020:S0003-4975(20)30540-3.
- Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020Apr13.DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.6019.
- Roden DM, Harrington RA, Poppas A, Russo AM. Considerations for Drug Interactions on QTc in Exploratory COVID-19 Treatment. JACC. 2020;141:e906-e907.
- Chiotos K, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, James SH, Pinninti SG, et al. Multicenter initial guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. DOI: 2020 Apr 22;piaa045. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa045.
Copyright and license
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.